What is the difference between relativity and quantum mechanics

If you can re-read that without your head exploding, you might have a big future in theoretical physics. And the weirdness keeps coming. According to one cutting edge theory, reports Science Alert , space-time does not exist on its own, but is the product of quantum forces shaking themselves out, like miso soup settling after it is poured into a bowl. At the frontier of modern physics, there are no textbook answers you can look up in the back of the book.

Cutting-edge science is all about finding out what those answers might be. In the complex carbon molecule methanol a key molecule of life was discovered in a developing solar. Looking ahead new aerospace medicine could mean healthcare innovation for all humankind Here's how. Quantum entanglement and teleportation is sci-fi technology in real life. Scientists teleported a particle into orbit, Quantum computers can be million times faster than standard computers.

They have an application that's If you examine the forces and particles that have been combined in the theories we just covered, you'll notice that the obvious force missing is that of gravity. But hope is around the corner! The search for the primary theory is still underway. And in order to understand the theories that hold the highest possibility of resolving the dilemma, we need to examine and define the small little corner of the universe where this unification could take place.

Although we've spent a lot of time discussing forces and particles, theories and solutions, the one thing we haven't discussed very much are the units of measurement that will allow physicists and you to understand and communicate their discoveries.

In other words, we need a clear picture of the scale at which unification takes place. Quantum chromodynamics , or QCD , is the theory that describes the way quarks interact with one another by the exchange of gluons remember gluons are the messenger particles that carry the strong force.

Quarks come in three different colors: red, blue, and green. In other sections we've talked about how important measurement is to comprehending the? We use common terms like inches, feet, meters, pounds, and kilograms to describe physical characteristics such as weight, length, or distance of objects.

What kind of units of measurement would we use to describe our essential unifying theory? Well, the best place to start is with units that are common to all aspects of nature.

Universal constants interestingly enough fit the bill. Let's see what they are. Some physicists don't like the phrase,? It's somewhat misleading, because it's not really the theory about everything in nature. It doesn't include the weather, baseballs, psychology, or people.

The question related to the Newton physics, how the moving body responses to the action, in the relativity theory also remains open. If this energy has an external origin, how this energy is generated and how it interacts with the space-time remains open. But if this energy has an internal origin within space-time frame, the mechanism of the energy generation and the energetic features of space is the subject of interpretation.

It is not clear also if the universe is a single system, what energy makes its expansion. The main question here is the energy content of the space. What is the property of the vacuum, is it the empty unit?

How the empty space may have energy? Quantum mechanics did not solve problem of classic mechanics by modification of its causal dynamical laws but applied entirely new concept of probability, which was a new philosophy for description of nature.

Description of the causal nature by mathematical formulation of classic differentiation had boundary problems, which lead to the uncertainty [ 2 ]. Description of the position and velocity by classic approach through application of boundary of variables to the mathematical formulation could solve the problems. Unfortunately, the derivative of the function without involving of the function itself leads to the uncertainty.

Therefore, the physical observables, such as momentum and velocity of the classic formulation were replaced by the possible states of operators on a wave function. The starting point of quantum mechanics was that it transformed the physical parameters to the differential operators: the time operator replaced energy while momentum by spatial operator. The change of the wave function describes evolving of a system with time.

It is clear that during change of a system with time the evolving wave function cannot be merged with the law of relativity. Shrodinger equation contains only first order derivative with respect to the time. Dirac tried to give description, such as a differential equation first order for space and time, which may lead to the simple relativistic relation between energy and momentum.

Dirac equation is the first attempt for generation of theory consistent with the principles of quantum mechanics and relativity theory. The main principle of Dirac equation [ 3 , 4 ] is that Hamiltonian, correlated with the input wave function, was described through complex value, involving the sum of energy-momentum consistent:.

Dirac assumed that presenting Hamiltonian through energy-momentum sum might describe the atomic spectra and discrete angular momentum of an electron. It is clear that the form of the wave function and its evolution is determined how the total energy and energy-momentum has been described. Dirac equation in this form still is not a complete dynamical model because it presents the dynamic behavior of a free particle and cannot explain why an electron has a spin angular momentum of half a quantum.

The left side of the equation 1 describes momentum ingredients:. It could not explain also how matter may degenerate into negative-energy states. The initial values of wave function of Dirac equation are freely chosen. This concept accepts that the total energy and total charge are infinite. Therefore, this principle does not explain the source of infinite energy and infinite charge.

Dirac equation can be obtained from the lagranjian action principle, but lagranjian action cannot give first order derivatives for the event simultaneously in space and time variables. Klein and W. The Klein-Gordon equation is a relativistic version of Shrodinger equation, it is the second order in time, and it describes spinless particles in towards and backwards in time.

The Klein-Gordon equation is the second order for time expression and by separation of positive and negative parts describes time-independent case. In some versions, Klein-Gordon equation was introduced with the second order for time and space but in these expressions have boundary value problems. The concept, which we are planning to use, has to eliminate the small-scale phenomenon-point particle concept of classic physics and quantum mechanics probability of location of subatomic particles.

The new concept is the discrete dynamical structure of space-time phases. The position of an elementary particle, located within space-time phases is not a point; it exists as a time carrying identity within minimum space frame, called elementary space-time manifold commuting space and time phases.

It is clear that the effect of scale phenomenon to the behavior of dynamical systems can be analyzed by Hamilton canonical coordinate transformations. We used a new principle of canonical transformation where the transform is the time —frequency representation. This operator has important features because the field theories involve the differences of the parameters, but not input values itself, such as electricity theory involves the difference of voltages but not voltages themselves.

Now we have to apply this concept for space and time ingredients of the space-time unit. On this basis, the event dynamics can be described by the shift in phase within space-time frame giving the event history equivalently in the form of direction of time or displacement of space phase. Therefore, the commuted phases may be equivalent through commutation of variables, mapped within their boundaries.

The initial values of space and time in the form of S 1 and t 1 are the local dynamic boundary states: if the event within some region has ended, t 1 transforms to the end t 2 , but if the event is continued, t 2 became a new initial state.

On this basis, the local boundary is the mixture of past and future, which may have uniform and non-uniform states. Therefore, without correlation of initial and end states the action is not conserved. It is easy to see that relation of the space and time intervals to the dynamical local state presents the transformation of continuum intervals to the discrete integers of subintervals at points S i and t i forming definite canonical variables of the differentiation.

This approach leads to the binding of space and time phases to each other. However, this derivative of uncertain intervals represents the singularity at boundary conditions. The infinity in this case arises due to the absence of the commutation of the change with the local boundary of the S t function. On this basis an event can be described through change of the action energy applied to the space-time field instead change of position or coordinates of the system. By relativity, the space-time frame is curved due to the presence of energy and mass in it.

The quantity of energy, available for change scattered energy and the quantity, determining the response consumed energy-momentum have different signs 5 therefore, leads to the generation of direction and causality between local past and local future. The equation 6 , which we generated has based on the space-time consistents of energy.

Model 6 although is very simple description of event dynamics but it allows to give a new look to the interaction, localized within triangle matrix of space-time-energy boundaries. The product of energy—time multiplication is the identity of an event, localized in the observed space. Model 6 treats the matter field with space phase and antimatter with time phase. The time phase describes the change of event instants over time duration, but frequency domain shows how much of the time instants lie within each given frequency.

On this basis, the model 6 became the equation of state. The equation of state 6 in its basic form 7 gives the numbers due to the resulting non-unity of the parameters. Model 4 shows that particles do not have the fixed position during action and measurement, but they possess the change of space phase by coupling with the action energy.

In this case, the measurement of the position is the measurement of the velocity and impossibility of the measurements of these parameters in different order is not the subject of uncertainty in nature. The total energy is conserved discretely; it comes in discrete amounts, localized within space-time phases.

The energy is the inner product of coupling of space and time fields and exists in the form of resulting Eigen value. On this basis, time is the product and measure of the consumption of energy. Time takes its origin only from discrete energy conservation cycle and due to the relation to the initial state, cannot be described only by intervals. In accordance with the model 6 , time appears as the personal product of exchange interaction of action-response parity and is the quantity, which holds discrete energy conservation within this parity.

Therefore, relation of time to the external system of reference having no energetic parity with the system does not make sense for description of the event dynamics. In accordance with the model 6 , the instant of time is the dynamic phenomenon and when energy is applied it produces the response in the form of inertia to regulate the continuity of the event.

The classic mathematical tool of differentiation does not describe the boundary of function and the non-boundary concept of time presently is the common acceptable concept of physics. The differential operator in the absence of boundary function leads to the approximation of the action conservation due to the lost of the original function during production of the outcome of the operation. The boundary-mapped space-time eliminates the uncertainty in the continuity and the singularity of boundary conditions.

This is the mathematical background of our model based on the new commutation concept. The inversion of the action by the same coordinate line does not produce the same action.

That is why action-response parity should involve one more dynamic intermediate state, which leads to the three body interactions. The local state with the dynamic conjugation of two merged colors with the third color leaves Eigen value the same, leading to the conservation of energy and formation of constant interactions. In accordance with our concept, virtual particle appears when the duration of change is equal to the instant of generation.

By prediction of model 6 , the action of a force is to change the state of an event, but response of system negative sign is appeared to make the action minimum and maintain the initial state of the event. The action of the force gradually became minimum that is why the force to be needed to maintain the initial state of action. The inversion of an event in non-virtual space-time frame in spatial and time reversal manner cannot eliminate the asymmetry of the action-effect parity.

The difference of action-effect quantities determines positive time direction and magnitude of a motion momentum. Feynman developed Dirac analysis and succeeded in representing quantum mechanics directly by the Lagrangian action.

Our concept of gradually advanced response is opposite to the Feynman action and Weyl concepts where has been used the advanced action wave which violates principles of causality. In accordance with the model 6 , space-time without coupling with the discrete energy, conservation law can give only uncertain position.

This feature of space-time explains why string theory suggests additional dimensions to describe a position. The extra dimension in reality is the correlation of space-time variables with the coupling energy, which through coupling with the Eigen value rotates the space-time vectors in the form of curled up dimensions. Particle without coupling is not observable and has negative existence. Model 6 connects position-momentum and time-energy relation and shows that these relations within space-time boundary frame cannot be subject of uncertainty because position as a spatial variable does not have existence, independent of time.

Model 6 involves the commutation of first order derivatives of space and time variables from each other. By prediction of the model 6 , the action of a force is to change the state of an event, but response of system negative sign is appeared to make the action minimum and maintain the initial state of the event.

From model 6 also follows that the system, applying the energy E act is the origin of the causal effect. With the discrete energy conservation, the forward action decreases by one while backward response increases by one 7. The advanced response force regulates conservation of energy, mapped within space-time frame.

If the response axial vector does not change it can not limit the action. This is the non-Lagrangian least action, produced as the resulting exchange quantity. In accordance with the model 6 , the space-time frame without coupling with the discrete energy conservation can give only uncertain position. This feature of space-time explains why string theory suggests additional dimensions to describe position. Particle without coupling is not observable and has negative existence 6.

The action-response parity generates discrete energy distribution, which is only the way to eliminate infinity from space-time frame. In accordance with the model 6 , the action energy portion cannot be less than energy E s of the elementary space-time unit of the light.

The space dimension in this case is related to the distance between the wave crests of space and time phases of the light photon. The difference of the phases cannot be smaller than wavelength of the light waves. The Eigen value determines the intrinsic property of a system in the form of identity.

This principle of simultaneity explains Copenhagen interpretations, which states that the outcome of an experiment is only revealed when the quantum system interacts with a macroscopic apparatus of measurement resulting only one outcome.

The measurement changes the energy E act, applied to the system and correlated with the space-time framework 6. In accordance with the model 6 , you cannot measure the parameters at their fixed states, which have no independent existence. The entanglement concept of quantum mechanics may be explained also based on these principles. You cannot measure one parameter determined by space-time, fixing another one because there is no independent existence of the parameters, correlated within space-time boundary.

Conservation laws, mapped within Lagrangian framework of classic mechanics results only approximate conservation due to the non-invariance of the action.

The invariance requires constant energy supply, which is not possible in continuous mode therefore the underlying mechanism of reality is the non-linearity of the physical events, realized through non-invariance action-response parity and discrete energy conservation.

By this principle the action, kinetic and potential energies individually are not conserved and even cannot be conserved. In our concept, we replaced Hamiltonian static sum of energy by the dynamic scattering energy where total energy, distributed within two systems, presents interaction term. Hamiltonian operator of total energy involves independence existence of kinetic and potential energies but in discrete energy conservation, concept energy has no independent existence.

The expression of resulting energy of the system through simple gradient of kinetic and potential energies may produce only continuous displacement therefore leads to the observed problem of Hamiltonian conservation. Hamiltonian sum of energy describes the state of a system as an independence existence but in accordance with the discrete energy conservation concept, the identity cannot be described by its own existence. The question is why we need discrete energy conservation law is very important which determines all the features of the new physics.

One classical concept excludes the simultaneous application of other classic concept. In accordance with the discrete energy conservation concept, momentum in the form of two reciprocal parameters appears for generation of the space phase of energy conservation. In accordance with the model 6 , energy as an identity can be conserved only discretely and discreteness is realized with the alternation of the two opposite appearance —disappearance phases: energy disappears in space phase and appears in time phase.

When energy is conserved in space phase, it leads to the appearance of mass. In accordance with the quantum mechanics, forces are manifestations of exchange of discrete amounts of energy.

Without locality in space, exchange of energy quanta is not possible. You agree that we have no liability for any damages. What does Quantum Mechanics means?

What is General Relativity? Quantum Mechanics vs. General Relativity Both the General Theory of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics are fundamentally very different theories with different formulations.

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